๐ ็ธฝ็ฎ้ ๏ฝ ๐ ่ฑๆๅๆ๏ผๆฌ็ฏ๏ผ ๏ฝ ๐ ๅฎๆด็ฟป่ญฏ ๏ฝ โญ ็ฒพ่ฏ็ญ่จ
Tranexamic acid
Tranexamic acid
Tranexamic acid is a plasmin inhibitor.28 It is used to slow and prevent excessive
bleeding. It is also used in the treatment of melasma and PIH. One study demonstrated tranexamic acidโs ability to reduce melanin synthesis in both cultured murine and human melanocytes in a highly inflammatory state. Tranexamic acid acts by decreasing tyrosinase protein expression, thus reducing inflammation-induced melanogenesis.29โ31
Combination therapy Combination therapy consists of three agents, including HQ 4%, tretinoin 0.05%, and dexamethasone 0.01%. It is applied once daily to affected areas. Recent evidence shows fixed triple-combination therapy is superior to HQ 4% monotherapy in the treatment of moderate to severe melasma.32 Tretinoin helps with penetration and prevents oxidation of HQ. Dexamethasone reduces the risk of irritant dermatitis and may also reduce melanin production.33 Combination therapy is also used in PIH, but more trials are needed to prove efficacy.