๐ ็ธฝ็ฎ้ ๏ฝ ๐ ่ฑๆๅๆ๏ผๆฌ็ฏ๏ผ ๏ฝ ๐ ๅฎๆด็ฟป่ญฏ ๏ฝ โญ ็ฒพ่ฏ็ญ่จ
Rights theory
Rights theory
Rights theory, the concept that the ethics of an action is determined based on their alignment with a set of human rights, is another approach to bioethics.35 The idea of moral rights (what the target of action is owed) differs fundamentally from the idea of moral obligation (what the actor is obligated to do), although in practice ethical actions often align. Since rights represent an entitlement, they may be attractive when trying to protect a group of patients. Yet since rights theory does not address the rights of the community at large, it leads to possible challenges when attempting to formulate a general framework for biomedical ethics that may be applied universally.
Virtue ethics Unlike utilitarian and deontological approaches, virtue ethics focuses not on the obligations of an actor, but on the underlying virtues that are cultivated by individual actions.21,36โ45 If an action cultivates virtuous traits, then it is ethical. Like Kant, an Aristotelian virtue ethics approach determines an actionโs value based on the motivations of the actor, not their actions. A virtue-ethics approach embodies the idea that character is destiny; obligation-oriented approaches that set out a minimum list of rules and obligations do not, to the virtue ethicist, lead to better behavior. Virtuous judgments, therefore, are seen as the basis of ethical action.
Virtue ethics has been used to delineate a set of ideal virtuesโthe professional responsibility modelโfor the physician leader as well.20 Such virtues include selfeffacement, self-sacrifice, compassion, and integrity. Like principlism, virtue ethics may be criticized for its seemingly arbitrary selection of virtues, a shortcoming that becomes
particularly apparent when disparate virtues are functionally competing.