๐ ็ธฝ็ฎ้ ๏ฝ ๐ ่ฑๆๅๆ๏ผๆฌ็ฏ๏ผ ๏ฝ ๐ ๅฎๆด็ฟป่ญฏ ๏ฝ โญ ็ฒพ่ฏ็ญ่จ
Surgery
Surgery
INTRODUCTION
Appreciating and understanding the fundamentals of bioethics is of significant importance for dermatologic surgeons, both in order to better assess and evaluate the nature of ethical challenges and to better engage in informed ethical decision making. The epistemology of bioethicsโhow we know what falls within the boundaries of ethical actions and what does notโis worth exploring not simply as an intellectual exercise, but as a stepping stone to expanding our understanding of why a particular act is or is not the appropriate choice in any given situation.
Despite a 200-year trend of codifying ethical and professional mores, the subjective nature of morality and ethics may be challenging, particularly for physicians whom, as scientists, expect an objective and standardized system rather than a relativistic amalgam of duties and principles.
Ethical challenges may be of several varieties. Sometimes, a true moral or ethical dilemma is present, while at others the central challenge is a practical dilemma, where a sense of ethical obligation conflicts with either self-interest or pragmatic considerations. Most ethical challenges occur when there are conflicting principles, conflicting duties, or conflicting concepts of to whom the greatestโor leastโethical allegiance is owed.
Ethical action, like informed consent, is a process. Indeed, the very act of expressing concern regarding the ethical implications of an action constitutes a significant step in the right direction, as even professional ethicists may disagree regarding the ideal course of action in complex ethical cases. Real-world ethical challenges generally occur when various ethical imperatives are perceived as being in conflict, or when various duties, and those to whom the dermatologist is responsible, appear to conflict.